Ranking Lab ― The Measured Editorial Desk
Editorial Research Ranking

The All-Time World Mathematician Ranking
— 43 names that stuck, scored on six measures

MByline: Someone who measures the work apart from the reach of the name (43 mathematicians on six axes — objects, fields, proof, the outside, hard problems, notation; every rank shown as a number)

A "world's greatest mathematicians" list usually does not tell you who decided. So this writer stopped choosing. The English Wikipedia keeps articles of the form "list of things named after X", and 76 of them are filed on the mathematicians' side. One of the 76 is a family rather than a person, so it is dropped; the remaining 75 are then sorted by the number of Wikipedia language editions and the top 43 taken. That is the field. Nobody was hand-picked.
And yet the measure that built the field is kept entirely out of the order. The number of language editions is how far a name has travelled, not what the work was. The two orders turn out to barely overlap. Of the ten most widely translated names, only four survive in this ranking's top ten. Archimedes, 1st in reach, is 14th here; Euclid, 3rd, is 19th; Pythagoras, 7th, is 43rd. Going the other way, Alexander Grothendieck is 41st in reach and 12th here, and Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet 35th and 7th.
The order comes from six measures — did they make a new object; did they start a field; did they change the equipment of proof; is it used outside mathematics; did they crack a problem that had stayed shut; did their symbols and words become the standard. First overall is Leonhard Euler (9.48), then Carl Friedrich Gauss (9.21) and Alan Turing (9.12). Euler scores full marks on three of the six axes, and putting a lens on any of those three does not change the king — which is why there are only three lenses below.

How This Ranking Is Built (Methodology)

To avoid settling "who is the world's greatest mathematician" in a single sentence, the score is split across six independent axes and recombined with weights (total = Σ(axis × weight)/100). The number of Wikipedia language editions, the number of things named after a person, prizes and fame are not among the axes. The language-edition count decides the field only; none of it feeds the order. Each axis score is based only on facts extracted from the English and Japanese Wikipedia articles on each mathematician. During extraction every fact was required to carry a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more from the article text, and each quotation was machine-checked to be a literal substring of that text (689 of them; no mismatches). Axes for which no material was found were left low rather than filled in.

AxisWhat It MeasuresWeight
Invention of objectsDid they make a new mathematical object or structure — one that mathematics has kept using since?20%
Founding a fieldDid they start a field and leave a place for others to live in?18%
Technique of proofDid they change the equipment of proof — leaving a method later mathematicians have no choice but to use?17%
Reach outside mathematicsIs it actually used outside mathematics — in physics, computing, statistics, engineering?16%
Breaking open hard problemsDid they solve something that had stayed shut for a long time, or show that it could not be solved?15%
Notation and languageDid their symbols, terms and definitions become the standard for everyone after them?14%
Normalization Rule
Language-edition counts, the number of things named after a person, prizes and fame are not among the axes. The language-edition count is used only to fix the field, and never feeds the order. Because mathematicians from before the common era sit in the same table as twentieth-century ones, no credit is given for the tools a later age simply had (nothing moves because symbolic algebra, set theory or computers existed). Nor is the opposite handicap corrected: the older the figure, the thinner the biographical record. "Reach outside mathematics" takes time to accumulate, so it works against the recent. A living mathematician's work is not finished. That disadvantage cannot be removed, so it is disclosed rather than erased (one of the 43, Roger Penrose, is living).
Scope / Unit
The category Lists of things named after mathematicians on the English Wikipedia — the stand-alone "list of things named after X" articles that are filed on the mathematicians' side — was fetched in full: 76 members. One of them is a family rather than a person (the Bernoulli family) and is dropped, leaving 75 candidates. Those 75 were sorted by the number of Wikipedia language editions (tallied mechanically from Wikidata sitelinks, wiki-family sites only) and the top 43, all with 55 editions or more, are the subjects here. Unit = person; one person, one entry. No editorial hand-picking. Nobody was added because this writer wanted them in, and nobody was removed. These two cuts are the largest arbitrary act in this article. The cost is plain: Isaac Newton has such a list, but the English Wikipedia files it under physicists, so he is not here. Blaise Pascal, al-Khwarizmi, John Nash, Kurt Gödel and Andrey Kolmogorov have no such list at all, so they are not here either. Whether the list exists depends on how the encyclopedia was built, which makes this a fact about the sources, not about mathematics.
Data Sources
The category and the lists used to define the field were fetched and parsed by this writer (76 category members, 121 research publications, language-edition counts for 43 people). The facts about each mathematician come from the English and Japanese Wikipedia articles for all 43, saved locally (2,182,031 bytes in total), and from nothing else. During extraction every fact was required to carry a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, and each quotation was machine-checked to be a literal substring of the saved text. The Japanese and Chinese renderings of the names were taken mechanically from the corresponding language editions (the Chinese ones from the Taiwanese display titles), so no transliteration was invented here.
Compiled / Subjectivity
2026-08-05. Invention of objects carries the most weight on the editorial judgement that making a new object is the deepest act in mathematics. The gap between Euler in first (9.48) and Gauss in second (9.21) is 0.27, so the top is not a photo finish. Drop "reach outside mathematics" and compute on five axes, however, and first place changes to Cantor.
Switch the scoring lens ― changing the weights moves the ranking (recalculated on the same evidence, same scores)

Overall Ranking

★ First Edition

Findings Against Conventional Wisdom

① Of the ten most widely translated names, only four survive in this ranking's top ten. Leonhard Euler, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Alan Turing and David Hilbert. Archimedes, 1st in reach, is 14th here; Euclid, 3rd, is 19th; Pythagoras, 7th, is 43rd. The two orders are measuring different things.
② The largest fall is Pythagoras, 36 places from 7th in reach to 43rd here. Fibonacci follows, 12th to 42nd (30 places), then Joseph Fourier, 11th to 35th (24 places). The largest rise is Alexander Grothendieck, 29 places from 41st in reach to 12th, with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet next, 35th to 7th, a rise of 28.
③ There are only three lenses. Euler scores full marks on three of the six axes — founding a field, reach outside mathematics, and notation — and a lens on any of those three leaves him on top. On the other three — invention of objects, technique of proof, and hard problems — the king does change, to Alan Turing, Carl Friedrich Gauss and Évariste Galois. Not being able to fit a fourth lens is itself the account of where Euler stands.
④ Of the 43, only 18 appear in the same English Wikipedia's List of publications in mathematics. Eight of this ranking's top ten do. The list of names and the list of works do not line up, even inside one encyclopedia: Cauchy, Noether, Weierstrass, Abel and Galois are all absent from the list of works.
⑤ Axes with no material were left low rather than filled in. Stefan Banach's "reach outside mathematics" and "hard problems", Karl Weierstrass's "reach outside mathematics", and the "hard problems" axis for Hamilton, Weyl, Wiener, Jacobi, Minkowski and Dedekind all stand at 3. A low score there is not a verdict on the work; it is a report that the saved text held no material.

How the Landscape Changes When You Change the Weights (Sub-Views)

LensNo. 1Biggest MoversWhat It Measures
Overall balance (default)Leonhard Euler 9.480.27 ahead of Carl Friedrich Gauss in 2nd (9.21); Alan Turing (3rd, 9.12), Georg Cantor (4th, 8.92) and David Hilbert (5th, 8.82) followSix axes in balance
Invention of objects firstAlan Turing 9.52Georg Cantor 4th→2nd (9.44), David Hilbert 5th→3rd (9.36). Richard Dedekind 37th→17th (8.32)Did they make new objects?
Technique of proof firstCarl Friedrich Gauss 9.60Georg Cantor 4th→2nd (9.44), David Hilbert 5th→3rd (9.36). Karl Weierstrass 27th→13th (8.72)Did they change the equipment of proof?
Hard problems firstÉvariste Galois 9.28Leonhard Euler 1st→2nd (9.24), Carl Friedrich Gauss 2nd→3rd (9.08). Paul Erdős 34th→14th (7.96)Did they crack a problem that had stayed shut?

Debate and Limitations

Who comes first depends on which axes were chosen. Drop "reach outside mathematics" and compute on five axes, and first place goes to Georg Cantor, with Euler second. Drop "notation and language" and first place goes to Alan Turing. This ranking is not saying Euler is "the greatest mathematician in the world"; it is saying he came first on the six disclosed axes with this weighting.
Each axis score, 0 to 10, is this writer's judgement, not a fact. The sources support dates, nationality, which objects were introduced, which field a person is called the founder of, and where the work is used; everything past that — whether an object counts as invented, whether a field counts as founded — is editorial. The source list carries references for facts only. There is no source for a score, because none exists.
The cut that defines the field is the largest limit. The condition "has a list of things named after them" depends on who happened to write that list on Wikipedia. Gödel, Kolmogorov, Nash, Pascal and al-Khwarizmi are all excluded by that condition alone. Being excluded is not an assessment of the work.
There is a structural bias in which the sheer quantity of recorded fact turns into points. The material here is Wikipedia's prose: the thicker the article, the more material, and axes with no material were left low. For the three figures from antiquity (Archimedes, Euclid, Pythagoras) even the dates have competing accounts, so this article does not state them as settled.
Giving "reach outside mathematics" 16 of the 100 points works against those who stayed inside pure mathematics. That being used outside is evidence of the strength of the work is an editorial judgement, and the opposite position is arguable (the lenses below let you see the ranking with that axis pushed aside).

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Sources

  1. The category used to define the field. Category:Lists of things named after mathematicians on the English Wikipedia — the stand-alone "list of things named after X" articles that are filed on the mathematicians' side. This ranking fetched all 76 members itself and, having confirmed that one of them is a family rather than a person (the Bernoulli family), took the remaining 75 people as the candidate field. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_things_named_after_mathematicians
  2. The language-edition count used to narrow the field. The number of Wikipedia language editions for each person was tallied mechanically from the Wikidata sitelinks, counting only the wiki-family sites (Commons, Wikispecies and Meta are excluded). Sorted in descending order, the top 43 of the 75 all have 55 editions or more, and those are the subjects of this ranking. The largest is Archimedes with 192; the smallest is Stanislaw Ulam, 43rd, with 55. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Data_access
  3. A second list held by the same English Wikipedia: List of publications in mathematics. Extracting the authors of the 121 research publications — excluding the three sections on textbooks, handbooks and popular writing — shows that 18 of the 43 people here appear in it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics
  4. Confirmation that Isaac Newton's "list of things named after" article is filed under physicists (Lists of things named after physicists) rather than mathematicians. That is why he is not in this field. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Isaac_Newton
  5. Leonhard Euler: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC
  6. Carl Friedrich Gauss: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9
  7. Alan Turing: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0
  8. Georg Cantor: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Cantor https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB
  9. David Hilbert: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilbert https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88
  10. Henri Poincaré: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9 https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC
  11. Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC
  12. Augustin-Louis Cauchy: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC
  13. Évariste Galois: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2
  14. Bernhard Riemann: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3
  15. John von Neumann: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3
  16. Alexander Grothendieck: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF
  17. Emmy Noether: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC
  18. Archimedes: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9
  19. Pierre-Simon Laplace: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9
  20. René Descartes: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88
  21. Joseph-Louis Lagrange: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5
  22. Niels Henrik Abel: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB
  23. Euclid: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9
  24. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%84
  25. Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%93
  26. Felix Klein: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Klein https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3
  27. William Rowan Hamilton: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3
  28. Roger Penrose: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA
  29. Vladimir Arnold: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89
  30. Hermann Weyl: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB
  31. Karl Weierstrass: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9
  32. Stanisław Ulam: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0
  33. Jacob Bernoulli: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4
  34. Pierre de Fermat: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC
  35. Johannes Kepler: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC
  36. Hermann Minkowski: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC
  37. Norbert Wiener: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC
  38. Paul Erdős: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5
  39. Joseph Fourier: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8
  40. Stefan Banach: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banach https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%95
  41. Richard Dedekind: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dedekind https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88
  42. Srinivasa Ramanujan: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3
  43. Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB
  44. Siméon Denis Poisson: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3
  45. Jean Le Rond d'Alembert: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Rond_d%27Alembert https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB
  46. Fibonacci: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%81
  47. Pythagoras: dates, the substance of the work, and the specific facts written on the card. The English and Japanese Wikipedia articles were saved locally and everything was extracted from those alone (each fact carries a verbatim quotation of 40 characters or more, machine-checked to be a literal substring of the article text). The Japanese rendering of the name comes from the Japanese article title and the Chinese rendering from the Taiwanese display title of the Chinese article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9
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